INTRODUCTION

In children with type 1 diabetes, hereditary and environmental factors trigger immune-mediated loss of β-cell functions, leading to hyperglycemia and a lifelong need for insulin (T1DM). Type 1 diabetes may strike at any age, but peak production occurs between the ages of 5 and 7 and during puberty [1].

T2DM is a metabolic syndrome characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and β-cell inability to compensate, culminating in hyperglycemia [2, 3]. In today's world, type 2 diabetes is predicted to affect one in every three (20% to 33%) new cases of diabetes in girls. T2DM is becoming more common in children as obesity is becoming more prevalent among them [4, 5].

Obesity/sedentary lifestyle, race/ethnicity, and healthy family background are all factors that contribute to insulin resistance. Another significant aspect that contributes to the growth of T2DM is puberty. In the past 30 years, childhood obesity has increased by two times in infants and four times in youth. Obesity, insulin tolerance, and metabolic syndrome have all been linked in studies [6, 7]. Bogalusa Heart Study stated that children with parental diabetes have higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) and BMI [8].

While DM is linked to severe complications, early detection and treatment may help to avoid or postpone the occurrence of long-term complications [9]. Diabetes symptoms in children include cataracts, retinopathy, gastroparesis, kidney dysfunction, asthma, premature coronary disorder, neuropathy, peripheral artery disease, and elevated vulnerability to infections [10].

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has increasingly been common in teenagers and children, and tests of glucose variability and "length in range" are likely to be much more useful than HbA1c, despite the fact that CGM is not often preferred by patients and is not widely covered by insurers [11]. Both patients and their caregivers need to know what there is to know about the illness and its possible complications. Additionally, all diabetics can see an ophthalmologist, nephrologist, neurologist, and cardiologist for a baseline examination of their organs [12].

To equate Saudi findings to international results and to illustrate the complications, risk factors, and incidence of both type I and II diabetes in Saudi children.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic review was conducted using the following words in various combinations in PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO: diabetes in Saudi children, childhood diabetes, diabetes in teenagers and children, and diabetes in Saudi adolescents. In the English language, we provided all the texts of randomized clinical trials and observational studies. The data was extracted (Figure 1), and the authors, titles, study type, study period, region and year of publication, and results were then reported (Table 1).

Statistical Analysis

The data was not analyzed using any software. The information was gathered using a specific form that included (Authors' names, country, year of publication, methods, and results). The data were analyzed by the authors to assess the initial outcomes. To ensure the validity of the results and minimize errors, each member's results were double-reviewed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A total of 107 studies were included in the databases listed, which were used for title screening. Sixty-nine were included in the abstract screening phase, resulting in the omission of 56 papers. The complete texts of the remaining 13 publications were examined. Seven studies were excluded after full-text updating, and six were included for final data extraction (Table 1).

Different sample formats were included in the studies that were included.

Diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) are very prevalent in the population included in the study of Al-Rubeaan K. [13], and the majority of patients are unaware of their condition, necessitating immediate diagnosis, early identification, medication, and prevention steps.

Obstacles in treating diabetic adolescents and children in the KSA include a shortage of awareness regarding children and their families with T1D, symptoms of the condition, and issues with non-compliance with therapy, according to Alaqeel [14]. There is often a lack of social care, as well as a warning of the patient's desire to change and inadequate self-management skills.

Because of the increasing prevalence of T1DM in KSA, especially in babies and infants, the interferences must be significantly improved, according to Alwin et al. [15]. Furthermore, finding suitable management programs for T1DM and appropriately allocating health funds for this distressing condition is critical.

The clinical appearance at diagnosis involves polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss with a high prevalence of DKA, according to Ghandoora [16]. T1DM is often linked to coeliac disease and autoimmune thyroiditis. T1DM is also linked to hepatopathy, lung dysfunction, and vitamin D deficiency in the T1DM community.

Robert, Asirvatham Alwin et al. [17] concerning the increasing prevalence of T1DM in KSA, particularly in infants and children, stated that the interferences are necessary to be meaningfully enhanced. Moreover, it is serious to find suitable managing programs for managing T1DM and assigning health funds suitably for this disturbing disorder.

Diabetes in children has increased dramatically in recent years, prompting a more thorough study of its epidemiological causes to identify some important associations that could aid in its prevention, according to Alghamdi [18].

The findings of AlBuhairan et al. [19] emphasize the importance of an adaptive, biopsychosocial, and household-focused treatment strategy for teenagers with chronic illnesses.