<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD with MathML3 v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-archivearticle1-3-mathml3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Archives of Pharmacy Practice</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2320-5210</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com-1280</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/78i64L2M3E</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Detecting Workflow Drift before Pharmacy Algorithms Learn the Wrong Practice</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Dupuis</surname>
                <given-names>Charlotte</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Perrin</surname>
                <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Morel</surname>
                <given-names>Elise</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Martin</surname>
                <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of Workflow Drift Detection in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, Lille, France.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Department of AI Practice Integrity, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff3">
            <label>3</label>Department of Algorithm Monitoring and Correction, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="charlotte.dupuis@univ-lille.fr">charlotte.dupuis@univ-lille.fr</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>17</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>21</fpage>
      <lpage>29</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Archives of Pharmacy Practice
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Artificial intelligence increasingly participates in medication-related prioritization, alerting, verification, documentation, and clinical decision support. Yet deployed algorithms may continue learning while the pharmacy work that produces their inputs, labels, feedback, and outcomes is changing. This creates a risk that temporary workarounds, redistributed responsibilities, altered documentation, changing patient populations, or unsafe local practices become represented as legitimate practice. This article defines pharmacy workflow drift as a material temporal change in the tasks, professional roles, activity sequence, patient or case population, or documentation processes through which medication-related work is performed and represented. It proposes a Multidimensional Pharmacy Workflow-Drift Framework comprising a baseline workflow contract, five-dimensional observability layer, cross-dimensional coupling assessment, consequence layer, and learning-control layer. Detection is separated from diagnosis: a statistical or process signal initiates investigation but does not confirm drift, establish causation, or authorize model updating. The framework therefore connects drift localization to medication-safety, equity, human-factors, implementation, and accountability assessments before selecting a learning state such as continued operation, enhanced surveillance, learning freeze, restricted use, controlled updating, rollback, or retirement. Validation would require technical sensitivity, false-alarm assessment, causal plausibility, workflow localization, professional usability, subgroup stability, safety evaluation, rollback capability, and recurring local requalification. The framework is an original non-empirical governance synthesis. It does not provide validated thresholds, guarantee safer decisions, allocate legal liability, or establish regulatory or deployment readiness.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Digital pharmacy</kwd>
                <kwd>Artificial intelligence</kwd>
                <kwd>Pharmacy practice</kwd>
                <kwd>Medication safety</kwd>
                <kwd>Human–AI collaboration</kwd>
                <kwd>Clinical decision support</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>