<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD with MathML3 v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-archivearticle1-3-mathml3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Archives of Pharmacy Practice</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2320-5210</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com-1291</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/7eukyIeyrZ</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Why Pharmacy AI Evaluation Must Begin with Plausible Harm Scenarios</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Popescu</surname>
                <given-names>Andrei</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Ionescu</surname>
                <given-names>Mihai</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Stan</surname>
                <given-names>Elena</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Radu</surname>
                <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of AI Harm Scenario Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Department of Pharmacy AI Safety Assessment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Agricultural Sciences Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff3">
            <label>3</label>Department of Plausible Harm Analysis in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="andrei.popescu@usamv.ro">andrei.popescu@usamv.ro</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>17</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>28</fpage>
      <lpage>35</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Archives of Pharmacy Practice
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Artificial intelligence evaluation in pharmacy commonly begins with model-centred measures such as discrimination, sensitivity, specificity, calibration, alert acceptance, or processing efficiency. These measures are necessary, but aggregate performance can obscure how errors affect particular patients, professionals, medication-use tasks, and organizational conditions. This article develops an original, non-empirical Plausible-Harm Scenario Framework for Pharmacy AI Evaluation. The proposed approach begins by specifying who may be affected, which medication-use task is involved, how an AI-related failure could propagate through data, model output, interface presentation, professional interpretation, and action or inaction, and what medication-related consequence could follow. Each scenario is then examined through five distinct dimensions: severity, exposure, detectability, reversibility, and recovery. These dimensions are not combined into a numerical score. Instead, they organize the selection of technical, clinical-task, human–AI, workflow, medication-safety, equity, implementation, and lifecycle evidence. The framework further proposes governance gates for scenario completeness, evidence adequacy, residual-risk deliberation, bounded permission, monitoring, rollback, and requalification. Its principal contribution is to reposition performance metrics as scenario-dependent evidence rather than sufficient indicators of safety or readiness. Validation would require prospective and post-deployment testing across relevant users, settings, populations, workflows, model versions, and failure conditions. The framework cannot guarantee complete hazard discovery, establish universal thresholds, replace professional judgment, or demonstrate clinical benefit. It is intended as a conceptual structure for making the consequences and evidentiary assumptions of pharmacy AI evaluation more explicit.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Digital pharmacy</kwd>
                <kwd>Artificial intelligence</kwd>
                <kwd>Pharmacy practice</kwd>
                <kwd>Medication safety</kwd>
                <kwd>Human–AI collaboration</kwd>
                <kwd>Clinical decision support</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>