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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Archives of Pharmacy Practice</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2320-5210</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com-1249</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/93LGPx91jn</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Hidden Work of Digital Pharmacy: Preserving Context, Judgment, and Responsibility in AI-Supported Care</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Tanaka</surname>
                <given-names>Kenji</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Kobayashi</surname>
                <given-names>Yui</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Nakamura</surname>
                <given-names>Takeshi</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Digital Ethics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Department of Clinical Judgment and AI Accountability, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="tanaka.kenji@eng.u-tokyo.ac.jp">tanaka.kenji@eng.u-tokyo.ac.jp</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>43</fpage>
      <lpage>49</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Archives of Pharmacy Practice
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Digital pharmacy systems increasingly make medication tasks visible as data fields, alerts, rankings, recommendations, and documented actions. Yet these representations can conceal the work required to make digital outputs clinically meaningful, including reconstructing incomplete context, repairing medication information, interpreting uncertainty, negotiating feasible care, and retaining responsibility for decisions and follow-up. This conceptual practice article proposes the Hidden Work Preservation Framework to explain how artificial intelligence may support, remove, shift, create, delay, or obscure such work. The framework distinguishes visible digital task completion from five interdependent practice domains: context-recovery, information-repair, interpretive, relational, and responsibility-bearing work. It further proposes a preservation loop through which patient-specific context is recovered, information is repaired, outputs are interpreted with patients and care teams, decisions are made or escalated, ownership and rationale are documented, and consequences are monitored. Evaluation should therefore extend beyond model discrimination or task time to context fidelity, repair burden, calibrated reliance, relational continuity, responsibility traceability, medication safety, equity, workflow redistribution, and organizational sustainability. These domains require direct observation, workflow mapping, record and incident review, patient and staff inquiry, subgroup analysis, and prospective evaluation in the intended setting. The framework is not a validated clinical algorithm, staffing model, regulatory standard, or autonomous decision pathway. Its original contribution is to make preservation of context, judgment, and responsibility an explicit design and evaluation problem for AI-supported pharmacy care.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Digital pharmacy</kwd>
                <kwd>Artificial intelligence</kwd>
                <kwd>Pharmacy practice</kwd>
                <kwd>Medication safety</kwd>
                <kwd>Human–AI collaboration</kwd>
                <kwd>Clinical decision support</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>