Iron deficiency anemia is a serious public health problem among pregnant women. Iron is an important element involved in various physiological functions and cellular activity. It is a cofactor of many enzymes and is involved in the oxygen transfer by hemoglobin in erythrocytes, as well as in various cellular processes, including DNA synthesis and redox reactions. In addition, iron deficiency in the early stages alters the structure and metabolism of brain cells. Insufficient iron levels lead to a decrease in the function of enzymes and a decrease in the production of red blood cells, followed by a decrease in the supply of oxygen to tissues. During pregnancy, a woman's need for iron increases for the growth of the fetoplacental complex, the synthesis of maternal erythrocytes, an increase in plasma volume, and, as a result, compensation for iron loss during childbirth. Unidentified and untreated iron deficiency anemia can hurt the health of both mother and fetus. At the same time, the consequences for both the young mother and the child may differ significantly depending on the severity and duration of anemia, as well as the period of pregnancy at which it occurred. The most common complications are a high risk of premature birth and low newborn weight, and cases of intrauterine death of a child are also not uncommon. Timely detection and treatment of mild anemia is extremely important, which will help prevent the development of severe anemia.