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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Archives of Pharmacy Practice</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2320-5210</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com-1196</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/CAqgzzZXQ0</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Persea americana Mill Lauraceae Kernel Extracts</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Bongo</surname>
                <given-names>Gédéon N.</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Baya</surname>
                <given-names>Moise</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Lengbiye</surname>
                <given-names>Emmanuel Moke</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                              <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Inkoto</surname>
                <given-names>Clément Liyongo</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                              <xref rid="aff4" ref-type="aff">4</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Pambu</surname>
                <given-names>Aaron Lelo</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                              <xref rid="aff5" ref-type="aff">5</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Tshidibi</surname>
                <given-names>Joseph Dipa</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Mbadiko</surname>
                <given-names>Clément Mutunda</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Iteku</surname>
                <given-names>Jeff Bekomo</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Mention of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Service of THA Diagnostics tests, Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff3">
            <label>3</label>Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroun.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff4">
            <label>4</label>African Center of Excellence for Water and Sanitation, Doctoral School of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Republic of Benin.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff5">
            <label>5</label>Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoich, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="gedeonbongo@gmail.com">gedeonbongo@gmail.com</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>15</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>6</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Archives of Pharmacy Practice
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Nowadays, a large number of aromatic and medicinal plants possess highly significant bioproperties, with numerous applications in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetology, and agriculture. This work aimed to conduct a phytochemical screening and assay of phytomarkers with biopharmaceutical potential and to assess the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Persea americana Mill. kernel extracts in vitro.

P. americana plant samples were collected in May 2017 in Kinshasa. Three standard strains were selected namely Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 9027 for microbiological assays. The phytomarker assay was used to detect total polyphenols, and the antibacterial activity was determined using the solid diffusion method on the Mueller Hinton medium to establish the minimal inhibitory concentration. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS, and Phosphomolybdate techniques. The findings showed that P. americana kernels contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins, and triterpenoids, which may confer interesting biological activities. Quantitative phytomarker analysis of P. americana extracts showed a concentration of 69.70±3.07 mg/QE of total polyphenols and 27.53±1.15 mg/QE of flavonoids. All the extracts tested had low antibacterial activity against the three strains tested. However, the methanolic extract showed better antioxidant activity. In view of the IC50 values of our various fractions, it is clear that P. americana kernels possess interesting antioxidant properties.  </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Antibacterial</kwd>
                <kwd>Antioxidant</kwd>
                <kwd>Persea Americana</kwd>
                <kwd>Kernel</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>