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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Archives of Pharmacy Practice</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2320-5210</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com-1174</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/J2kMvt637u</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Female-Specific Cancers in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Analysis of Three Decades</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Khan</surname>
                <given-names>Tahir Mehmood</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Tahir</surname>
                <given-names>Humera</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Adil</surname>
                <given-names>Qendeel</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Baig</surname>
                <given-names>Mirza Rafi</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Jaber</surname>
                <given-names>Ammar Ali Saleh</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Khaliel</surname>
                <given-names>Adil Mohammed</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff4" ref-type="aff">4</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Mohammed</surname>
                <given-names>Zaid Mahdi</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff5" ref-type="aff">5</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Ruth Pfau College of Nutrition Sciences, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff3">
            <label>3</label>Department of Clinical Pharmacy &amp; Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Al Mizhar, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff4">
            <label>4</label>Department of Urology Al Tadawi Specialty Hospital, Garhoud Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff5">
            <label>5</label>Department of Family Medicine, Canadian Specialist Hospital, Abu Hail, Dubai United Arab Emirates.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="tahir.khan@uvas.edu.pk">tahir.khan@uvas.edu.pk</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>15</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>109</fpage>
      <lpage>120</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Archives of Pharmacy Practice
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>A comprehensive review was performed for the identification of female-specific cancer from 1st January 1980 up to 31st May 2016. Overall, the risk of breast cancer was noticed to be the highest among Chinese women (RD 0.42, CI 0.41 - 0.43). Malay women were noticed to have a 22.0% higher likelihood of breast cancer than Indian women (RD 0.22, CI 0.21 - 0.22), but 20% lower than Chinese women (RD -0.20, CI -0.21 -0.19). Cervical cancer was ranked second in Malaysia, with an average ASR of 17.3. Indians had the lowest risk of developing cervical cancer as compared to Malays (RD 0.22, CI 0.18 - 0.26) and Chinese (RD 0.46, CI 0.41 - 0.51). Ovarian cancer was ranked fourth among Malaysians with an average ASR of 7.3 over the seven-year cancer registry. Indians had a lower ovarian cancer risk than Chinese (RD 0.29, CI 0.27 - 0.31) and Malays (RD 0.36, CI 0.34 - 0.38). In 2008, endometrial cancer was ranked sixth in the most-occurring cancers among Malaysian females (average ASR 6.5). Malay females were noticed to have a slightly lower risk of corpus uteri carcinoma than Chinese women (RD -0.06, CI -0.09 -0.03), but are at a higher risk than Indian women (RD 0.25, CI 0.23, - 0.28). The age group of 50-59 has the peak incidence for breast cancer and cervical cancer. Endometrial cancer incidence peaked in the age group of 60-69 years while ovarian cancer incidence rose sharply after the age of 40 years. </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Breast cancer</kwd>
                <kwd>Ovarian cancer</kwd>
                <kwd>Cervical cancer</kwd>
                <kwd>Endometrial cancer</kwd>
                <kwd>Malaysia</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>