One of the important complications related to surgery and anesthesia is cognitive disorders, it is necessary to think about such complications before the surgery and anesthesia and put the necessary preparations on the agenda. Lack of accuracy and lack of awareness of the factors that cause these problems can be the main cause of these problems. The purpose of this review article is to examine the causes and factors that cause cognitive problems around surgery so that by providing solutions, they can be prevented from spreading and appearing after surgery. In this study, various appropriate articles related to the topic were used, which were published between 1990 and 2022 in the field of causes of cognitive problems and prevention strategies. References for this review article are from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were obtained. The authors used keywords including cognitive problems, psychological problems during anesthesia, after anesthesia, and surgery in these sites. In this study, the things that should be considered in anesthesia and surgery to prevent the occurrence of cognitive problems were investigated. These include: the use of neuroprotectants, psychoactive drugs, anticholinergic system, anesthesia depth, pediatrics and occurrence of problems, circadian and sleep disorders, patient privacy, blood sugar, patient's spiritual rituals, hemoglobin, electrolytes, blood pressure, capnography and oxygenation, patient position and posture, emboli, drug interactions, cardiac function, platelet activity, stress and pain, hypothermia and hyperthermia, delay in discharge, ileus and antibiotics.