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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Archives of Pharmacy Practice</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2320-5210</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com-1226</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/Rd8huM1jXs</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treatment Outcomes and Factors Impacting Unsuccessful Outcome Among Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Hayat</surname>
                <given-names>Saira</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Ghadzi</surname>
                <given-names>Siti Maisharah Sheikh</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Shah</surname>
                <given-names>Faridullah</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Mehsud</surname>
                <given-names>Saifullah</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Malik</surname>
                <given-names>Obaidullah</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff4" ref-type="aff">4</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Maula</surname>
                <given-names>Fazli</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff5" ref-type="aff">5</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Israr</surname>
                <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff6" ref-type="aff">6</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Khan</surname>
                <given-names>Amer Hayat</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Pak. International Medical College, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtoon Khawa, Pakistan.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff3">
            <label>3</label>Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff4">
            <label>4</label>Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff5">
            <label>5</label>Department of Pulmonology, Peshawar medical college Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtoon Khawa, Pakistan.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff6">
            <label>6</label>District TB Office Bannu, District Bannu, KPK., Pakistan.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="dramer2006@gmail.com">dramer2006@gmail.com</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>12</fpage>
      <lpage>18</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Archives of Pharmacy Practice
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Tuberculosis remains a significant public health challenge. The study aimed to identify factors influencing treatment outcomes for extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). From January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2018, a retrospective study was carried out at the District Headquarter (DHQ) Hospital Bannu in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. There were 107 EPTB patients in all, aged 12-90 years, with 39.3% of them being female and 60.7% of them being male. With the assent of the patient, demographic information, smoking habits, and co-morbidities were noted. Logistic regression was used in SPSS 23.0 to analyse the data. The treatment success rate was 58.9% among new and relapsed EPTB patients and 24.3% among new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients, with an overall success rate of 83.2%. The likelihood of unsuccessful treatment outcomes was higher among patients aged 36-45 years (AOR = 1.17 95% CL: .416-7.37) and patients with comorbidities (AOR = 2.66; 95% CL: .895-7.94). The patients having symptoms like sweating (AOR = 0.335; 95%CL .130-.863) and cough (AOR = 3.03; 95% CL: 1.35-6.76) were factors associated with the unsuccessful treatment. This study reveals that the ratio of unsuccessful treatment outcomes is still high. Unsuccessful treatment outcomes are due to patient’s expiry, defaulter patients, treatment failure, and patient transfer. To reduce treatment interruptions, effective tracing strategies for patients who have been transferred and didn’t complete treatment due to being defaulters should be devised and deployed. A follow-up plan should be tailored to each patient. </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Extra pulmonary tuberculosis</kwd>
                <kwd>Unsuccessful treatment outcome</kwd>
                <kwd>Successful treatment outcome</kwd>
                <kwd>Pakistan</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>