<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD with MathML3 v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-archivearticle1-3-mathml3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Archives of Pharmacy Practice</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2320-5210</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com-1273</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/TzCg1KSqsZ</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evidence-Bound Generation for Medicines Information with Verifiable Claims and Visible Uncertainty</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Ferraro</surname>
                <given-names>Luca</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Ricci</surname>
                <given-names>Matteo</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Moretti</surname>
                <given-names>Giulia</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Greco</surname>
                <given-names>Paolo</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of Medicines Information and Evidence Generation, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Department of Verifiable AI Claims in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff3">
            <label>3</label>Department of Uncertainty Communication in Pharmacy AI, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="ca.ferraro@unibo.it">ca.ferraro@unibo.it</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>17</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>48</fpage>
      <lpage>56</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Archives of Pharmacy Practice
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Generative artificial intelligence can produce fluent medicines information while obscuring whether individual claims are supported, qualified, contradicted, or unsupported by current evidence. Retrieval augmentation may improve access to external information, but retrieval alone does not establish source eligibility, claim faithfulness, clinical applicability, or safe decision use. This article develops an original, non-empirical Retrieval–Evidence–Generation Architecture for evidence-bound medicines information. Evidence-bound generation is defined as a proposed form of generation in which externally verifiable claims are constrained by eligible evidence, linked to inspectable evidence units, assigned explicit support states, and accompanied by visible uncertainty, conflict, or evidence absence. The architecture separates task specification, governed retrieval, evidence construction, claim planning, bounded generation, claim-level verification, professional review, and lifecycle monitoring. It further proposes a provenance chain connecting each displayed claim to its supporting passage, source identity, version, retrieval context, and transformation history. Five qualitative claim states—supported, supported with qualification, conflicting evidence, unsupported, and evidence absent—are proposed to prevent citations or model confidence from functioning as substitutes for verification. Validation would require technical assessment of retrieval and evidence binding, pharmacist assessment of medication-content correctness and harmful omission, human-factors testing of reliance and verification burden, equity assessment, and prospective workflow evaluation. The architecture does not establish clinical benefit, medication-safety improvement, regulatory acceptance, or deployment readiness. Its original contribution is to make evidence control, uncertainty, professional authority, and governance integral to medicines-information generation rather than optional post-generation checks.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Digital pharmacy</kwd>
                <kwd>Artificial intelligence</kwd>
                <kwd>Pharmacy practice</kwd>
                <kwd>Medication safety</kwd>
                <kwd>Human–AI collaboration</kwd>
                <kwd>Clinical decision support</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>