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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Archives of Pharmacy Practice</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2320-5210</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com-1281</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/VZ1sqYHTmD</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Communicating Calibrated Uncertainty at the Point of Dispensing</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Hassan</surname>
                <given-names>Lina</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Khalaf</surname>
                <given-names>Omar</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Jaber</surname>
                <given-names>Reem</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Mostafa</surname>
                <given-names>Rania</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of Uncertainty Communication and Dispensing, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Department of Calibrated AI in Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff3">
            <label>3</label>Department of Point-of-Dispensing Decision Support, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, Jordan.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="lina.hassan@ju.edu.jo">lina.hassan@ju.edu.jo</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>17</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>30</fpage>
      <lpage>38</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Archives of Pharmacy Practice
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Digital and artificial-intelligence-supported medication systems increasingly generate risk estimates, alerts, classifications, and recommendations that may appear more certain than their evidential basis permits. At the point of dispensing, pharmacists must interpret these outputs within brief encounters while considering incomplete data, medication-related consequences, patient preferences, and the limits of model applicability. Existing approaches commonly separate technical calibration, uncertainty display, clinical consequence, pharmacist judgement, and patient communication, leaving no coherent mechanism for translating uncertainty into a bounded medication decision. This article proposes a Point-of-Dispensing Uncertainty-Communication Framework that connects five functions: characterizing the source of uncertainty; appraising calibration and applicability; assessing the clinical consequence of error; constructing a decision-relevant communication package; and adapting that package through pharmacist mediation. The framework distinguishes confidence from calibration, uncertainty from recommendation, and model output from professional authority. It proposes five possible action boundaries: routine dispensing with counselling, enhanced uncertainty counselling, additional verification, temporary deferral, and escalation. The contribution is conceptual and non-empirical. Its proposed relationships require validation across technical performance, patient comprehension, appropriate human–AI reliance, medication-decision quality, workflow burden, safety, equity, and governance. Communication should preserve the source, direction, and practical meaning of uncertainty rather than merely simplify presentation. The framework does not establish universal thresholds, clinical effectiveness, regulatory acceptability, or deployment readiness. Its original contribution is to organize calibrated uncertainty as a pharmacist-mediated, consequence-sensitive communication and action problem rather than as a model metric or display feature alone.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Digital pharmacy</kwd>
                <kwd>Artificial intelligence</kwd>
                <kwd>Pharmacy practice</kwd>
                <kwd>Medication safety</kwd>
                <kwd>Human–AI collaboration</kwd>
                <kwd>Clinical decision support</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>