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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Archives of Pharmacy Practice</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2320-5210</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com-1252</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/acWJvHeaeM</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Designing Prescription Verification Systems That Know When the Pharmacist Must Take Over</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Martínez</surname>
                <given-names>Sofía</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Gómez</surname>
                <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Navarro</surname>
                <given-names>Lucia</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of Prescription Verification and AI, Faculty of Pharmacy, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Department of Pharmacy Safety and Human Oversight, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="sofia.martinez@upm.es">sofia.martinez@upm.es</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>69</fpage>
      <lpage>77</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Archives of Pharmacy Practice
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Prescription-verification systems increasingly combine rules, clinical knowledge bases, predictive models, and workflow automation. Yet the central safety problem is not simply whether a system can classify a prescription as high or low risk. It is whether the system can recognize when its output is insufficient for continued automation and responsibility must transfer to a pharmacist. Confidence-only automation is inadequate because a high score may coexist with poor calibration, missing clinical context, conflicting evidence, unusual patient–therapy combinations, vulnerability, or high-consequence decisions. This article proposes a non-empirical Prescription-Verification State Model linked to a Pharmacist-Takeover Trigger Framework. The model separates context assembly, automated checking, evidence reconciliation, clarification, pharmacist takeover, adjudication, disposition, and lifecycle monitoring. Takeover is organized around six proposed trigger classes: uncertainty, conflicting evidence, missing context, unusual combinations, vulnerable patients, and high-consequence decisions. A related takeover contract specifies the reason for escalation, unresolved information, urgency, completed checks, required professional action, fallback behavior, and documentation. Evaluation must extend beyond model discrimination to calibration, trigger sensitivity, missed takeover, unnecessary takeover, timing, workload displacement, interface comprehension, subgroup performance, and post-deployment change. Governance must define authority for activation, modification, suspension, requalification, and retirement. The framework is an original conceptual synthesis rather than a validated clinical system, guideline, or regulatory standard. Its trigger logic, state transitions, thresholds, and responsibility boundaries require empirical testing in specific pharmacy settings before decision use.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Digital pharmacy</kwd>
                <kwd>Artificial intelligence</kwd>
                <kwd>Pharmacy practice</kwd>
                <kwd>Medication safety</kwd>
                <kwd>Human–AI collaboration</kwd>
                <kwd>Clinical decision support</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>