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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Archives of Pharmacy Practice</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2320-5210</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com-1257</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/hPZnbLGKmC</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Governing Artificial Intelligence after Deployment in the Medication-Use System</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Osei</surname>
                <given-names>David</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Afriyie</surname>
                <given-names>Akua</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Adu</surname>
                <given-names>Kofi</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of AI Governance and Medication Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Department of Post-Deployment AI Oversight, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="david.osei@ug.edu.gh">david.osei@ug.edu.gh</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>62</fpage>
      <lpage>71</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Archives of Pharmacy Practice
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Artificial intelligence is increasingly embedded within medication-related decision support, prescription review, alerting, prioritization, pharmacovigilance, and operational workflows. Deployment, however, does not stabilize the data environment, clinical task, professional response, patient population, organizational context, or relationship between model output and medication decisions. Postdeployment governance must therefore extend beyond periodic technical performance checks. This article develops a proposed postdeployment-governance architecture for artificial intelligence used within medication-use systems. The architecture defines the governed object as the complete AI-enabled arrangement, including its model, data pipelines, interfaces, users, workflow position, organizational policies, external dependencies, and intended-use boundaries. It connects versioned baseline evidence with multidomain surveillance of performance, drift, equity, human–AI interaction, workflow consequences, medication incidents, pharmacovigilance signals, and patient experience. Detected signals enter structured triage and investigation before proportionate decisions concerning continued use, intensified monitoring, workflow correction, model modification, revalidation, restriction, suspension, rollback, or withdrawal. Accountability functions assign responsibility for evidence review, decision authority, communication, alternative workflow activation, and learning closure. Validation would require longitudinal and multisite assessment of technical, clinical, sociotechnical, safety, equity, organizational, and patient-relevant outcomes. The architecture does not establish universal thresholds, causal attribution rules, regulatory acceptability, or improved medication outcomes. Its original contribution is an integrated and testable governance structure that treats deployment as the beginning of continuing institutional responsibility rather than the endpoint of model development.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Digital pharmacy</kwd>
                <kwd>Artificial intelligence</kwd>
                <kwd>Pharmacy practice</kwd>
                <kwd>Medication safety</kwd>
                <kwd>Human–AI collaboration</kwd>
                <kwd>Clinical decision support</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>