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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Archives of Pharmacy Practice</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2320-5210</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com-1180</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/wHhW6w9i1C</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Drug Utilization Analysis of Analgesics and Adjuvants Used in Pain Management</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Bukke</surname>
                <given-names>Sarad Pawar Naik</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Gopalakrishnaiah</surname>
                <given-names>Thalluri</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Onohuean</surname>
                <given-names>Hope</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Rao</surname>
                <given-names>Pathange Bharghava Bhushan</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff4" ref-type="aff">4</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Nandimandalam</surname>
                <given-names>Nandini</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff5" ref-type="aff">5</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Babu</surname>
                <given-names>Molakpogu Ravindra</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff6" ref-type="aff">6</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Kumar</surname>
                <given-names>Kusuma Praveen</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff7" ref-type="aff">7</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Department of Orthopaedics, Senior consultant Orthopedic surgeon, GK Speciality Hospital, Pogathota, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff3">
            <label>3</label>Biopharmaceutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff4">
            <label>4</label>Department of Pharmaceutics, AM Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy, Narasaraopet, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff5">
            <label>5</label>Department of Pharmacy Practice, Rao’s College of Pharmacy, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff6">
            <label>6</label>Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff7">
            <label>7</label>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="onohuean@gmail.com">onohuean@gmail.com</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>15</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>4</fpage>
      <lpage>11</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Archives of Pharmacy Practice
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Pain is a multidimensional sensation that arises from a physiologic and psychological response to an unpleasant experience. Pain is an alarm signal that causes an organism to pull away from potentially harmful stimuli, thereby protecting itself from potential damage. In most cases, it is associated with an injury or the possibility of an injury. Here we develop and carry out drug utilization evaluations concerning the analgesics and adjuvants in pain management. The analgesics and adjuvants were further classified to include in the program standards and criteria for the selected drugs and compared with the actual drug utilization. Cross-sectional, observational case study with 377 patients. Patients aged &gt; 18 years and &lt; 80 years experiencing pain were included in the study. Age &lt; 18 years, &gt; 80 years. Pregnant or lactating women were excluded from the study. Out of the total drugs (1362), total antibiotics prescribed were about 45 (3.30%). Among them, 35(2.6%) were prescribed in tablet form, (0.44%) were prescribed in injection form either i.v or i.m, 3(0.22%) were prescribed in powder form (gastolac sachets), 1 (0.07%) was prescribed in ointment form. Cefuroxime + clavulanic acid prescribed was the most commonly used 13 (0.95%). This study reveals a pattern of analgesic use that includes the administration of extensive oral analgesic preparations, a high generic naming of medications, and the appropriate use of these pharmaceuticals concerning the dosage strength, the frequency of treatment, and the duration of therapy. </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Analgesic</kwd>
                <kwd>Adjuvants</kwd>
                <kwd>Pain-management</kwd>
                <kwd>Arthritis</kwd>
                <kwd>Cellulitis</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>