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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Arch Pharm Pract</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Archives of Pharmacy Practice</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2320-5210</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">archivepp.com-1266</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/zwjUAgneRK</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Measuring Pharmacy Artificial Intelligence by Avoided Harm, Recovered Time, and Better Decisions</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
                <given-names>Ana</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Martins</surname>
                <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Lopes</surname>
                <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of Pharmacy AI Outcome Measurement, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Department of Value-Based AI Assessment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="ana.rodrigues@ff.ulisboa.pt">ana.rodrigues@ff.ulisboa.pt</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>64</fpage>
      <lpage>72</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Archives of Pharmacy Practice
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Artificial intelligence in pharmacy is often evaluated through discrimination, accuracy, alert yield, or task completion, yet these measures do not establish whether medication-related harm was avoided, professional time was genuinely recovered, or decisions became better. This article proposes a non-empirical value-evaluation framework for connecting technical performance to pharmacy-practice consequences without treating any single metric as sufficient. Value is defined as attributable, net, distributed, and sustained benefit relative to a specified medication-use problem, comparator, perspective, and time horizon. The framework separates seven evaluative layers: baseline need, technical fitness, pharmacy-task performance, human–AI and workflow interaction, consequence measurement, attribution, and net value. Three consequence domains are distinguished. Avoided harm requires evidence linking an AI signal to professional review, action, changed medication use, and a credible counterfactual clinical consequence. Recovered time requires deduction of verification, correction, training, maintenance, and coordination work, followed by assessment of how released capacity is used. Better decisions require evaluation of interpretation, uncertainty handling, appropriateness, timeliness, and final action rather than agreement with AI alone. Validation should combine task-specific performance studies, workflow observation, human-factors assessment, comparative outcome designs, economic evaluation, subgroup analysis, and postimplementation monitoring. The proposed framework does not supply universal thresholds, combine heterogeneous outcomes into a single score, or establish safety, cost-effectiveness, regulatory acceptability, or deployment readiness. Its original contribution is an evidence-bounded architecture for designing, interpreting, and governing pharmacy-AI value claims.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Digital pharmacy</kwd>
                <kwd>Artificial intelligence</kwd>
                <kwd>Pharmacy practice</kwd>
                <kwd>Medication safety</kwd>
                <kwd>Human–AI collaboration</kwd>
                <kwd>Clinical decision support</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>