Out-of-hospital self-care in patients receiving injectable antibiotics or biologically derived medicines (biologics) is reported to significantly improve quality of life and reduce hospitalizations, but unexpected complications produce some negative outcomes and patient experience. This study aimed to compare patients' experience with long-term injectable therapies, in and out of the hospital setting. Two systematic reviews and meta-analyses were carried out using the most common out-of-hospital self-administered long-term injectable antibiotic and biologic therapies for patients diagnosed with infections or IBD, RA, or psoriasis. The first review investigated patient preference for self-administering subcutaneous injections at home (intervention) vs. intravenous injections in a hospital inpatient or outpatient setting. There was a statistically significant difference between the homecare (intervention) and hospital (control) group (p = 0.05) favoring the intervention. The second review was on injectable antibiotics. The results demonstrated that the use of injectable antibiotics, at home (intervention) or in hospital (control) produced similar benefits (p = 0.30 cure and p = 0.90 treatment failure) and harm (hospital admission after and during treatment p = 0.64, p = 0.99 respectively, disease complications p = 0.77 and medications side effects p = 0.15). This research found no substantial differences in patient outcomes based on the setting. Home care is an important option to support patient autonomy and well-being. The recent global COVID-19 pandemic further highlighted the importance of an option to continue long-term disease management without hospitalization.
1. Mekeres GM, Buhaș CL, Csep AN, Beiușanu C, Andreescu G, Marian P, et al. The Importance of Psychometric and Physical Scales for the Evaluation of the Consequences of Scars—A Literature Review. Clin Pract. 2023;13(2):372-83.
2. Dumitru M, Berghi ON, Taciuc IA, Vrinceanu D, Manole F, Costache A. Could Artificial Intelligence Prevent Intraoperative Anaphylaxis? Reference Review and Proof of Concept. Medicina. 2022;58(11):1530.
3. Tudoran C, Velimirovici DE, Berceanu-Vaduva DM, Rada M, Voiţă-Mekeres F, Tudoran M. Increased Susceptibility for Thromboembolic Events versus High Bleeding Risk Associated with COVID-19. Microorganisms. 2022;10(9):1738.
4. Garnett A, Ploeg J, Markle-Reid M, Strachan PH. Self-report tools for assessing physical activity in community-living older adults with multiple chronic conditions: a systematic review of psychometric properties and feasibility. Can J Aging. 2020;39(1):12-30.
5. Jonkman NH, Westland H, Groenwold RH, Ågren S, Atienza F, Blue L, et al. Do self-management interventions work in patients with heart failure? An individual patient data meta-analysis. Circulation. 2016;133(12):1189-98.
6. Mekereș GM, Buhaș CL, Tudoran C, Csep AN, Tudoran M, Manole F, et al. The practical utility of psychometric scales for the assessment of the impact of posttraumatic scars on mental health. Front Public Health. 2023;11(1103714):1-12.
7. Davidescu L, Jurca L, Ulmeanu R. Value of adding behavioral-cognitive therapy to standard treatment in smoking cessation program: results of Smoking Cessation Center Oradea on 7 years. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(Suppl 58):4161.
8. Riegel B, Jaarsma T, Strömberg A. A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(3):194-204. doi:10.1097/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba
9. Riegel B, Westland H, Iovino P, Barelds I, Slot JB, Stawnychy MA, et al. Characteristics of self-care interventions for patients with a chronic condition: A scoping review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2021;116:103713.
10. Goldstein CM, Gathright EC, Gunstad J, A Dolansky M, Redle JD, Josephson R, et al. Depressive symptoms moderate the relationship between medication regimen complexity and objectively measured medication adherence in adults with heart failure. J Behav Med. 2017;40(4):602-11.
11. Shippee ND, Shah ND, May CR, Mair FS, Montori VM. Cumulative complexity: a functional, patient-centered model of patient complexity can improve research and practice. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(10):1041-51.
12. Zulman DM, Asch SM, Martins SB, Kerr EA, Hoffman BB, Goldstein MK. Quality of care for patients with multiple chronic conditions: the role of comorbidity interrelatedness. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(3):529-37.
13. Newman S, Steed L, Mulligan K. Self-management interventions for chronic illness. Lancet. 2004;364(9444):1523-37. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17277-2
14. Fulmer T, Reuben DB, Auerbach J, Fick DM, Galambos C, Johnson KS. Actualizing Better Health and Health Care For Older Adults: Commentary describes six vital directions to improve the care and quality of life for all older Americans. Health Aff. 2021;40(2):219-25.
15. Dineen-Griffin S, Garcia-Cardenas V, Williams K, Benrimoj SI. Helping patients help themselves: a systematic review of self-management support strategies in primary health care practice. PloS One. 2019;14(8):e0220116.
16. Nilsen P, Seing I, Ericsson C, Birken SA, Schildmeijer K. Characteristics of successful changes in health care organizations: an interview study with physicians, registered nurses and assistant nurses. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):1-8.
17. Winkler MF, Smith CE. The impact of long-term home parenteral nutrition on the patient and the family. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(4):290-300.
18. Spence Laschinger HK, Gilbert S, Smith LM, Leslie K. Towards a comprehensive theory of nurse/patient empowerment: applying Kanter’s empowerment theory to patient care. J Nurs Manag. 2010;18(1):4-13.
19. Health Quality Ontario. In-home care for optimizing chronic disease management in the community: an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2013;13(5):1. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24167539.
20. Grady PA, Gough LL. Self-management: a comprehensive approach to management of chronic conditions. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(8):e25-31. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302041
21. Gobeil-Lavoie AP, Chouinard MC, Danish A, Hudon C. Characteristics of self-management among patients with complex health needs: a thematic analysis review. BMJ Open. 2019;9(5):e028344.
22. Novak M, Costantini L, Schneider S, Beanlands H. Approaches to self‐management in chronic illness. InSeminars in dialysis 2013 Mar (Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 188-194). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
23. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Chapter 10. Cochrane, 2021. Available from: https://training.cochrane.org/handbook (Accessed 04/06/2023).
24. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Int J Surg. 2021;88:105906.
25. Che Roos NA. Antihypertensive drugs and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow. 2019. Available from: https://theses.gla.ac.uk/41064/ (Accessed 04/06/2023)
26. Eriksen MB, Frandsen TF. The impact of patient, intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) as a search strategy tool on literature search quality: a systematic review. J Med Lib Assoc. 2018;106(4):420-31.
27. Gardiner JC, Luo Z, Roman LA. Fixed effects, random effects and GEE: What are the differences?. Stat Med. 2009;28(2):221-39. doi:10.1002/sim.3478
28. Allen M. The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research methods. Thousand Oaks, California. 2017. doi:10.4135/9781483381411 NV - 4
29. Allen PB, Lindsay H, Tham TC. How do patients with inflammatory bowel disease want their biological therapy administered?. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010;10(1):1-6. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-10-1
30. Boeri M, Myers K, Ervin C, Marren A, DiBonaventura M, Cappelleri JC, et al. Patient and physician preferences for ulcerative colitis treatments in the United States. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2019:263-78.
31. Bolge SC, Goren A, Tandon N. Reasons for discontinuation of subcutaneous biologic therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a patient perspective. Patient Prefer Adher. 2015;9:121-31. doi:10.2147/PPA.S70834
32. Bolge SC, Eldridge HM, Lofland JH, Ravin C, Hart PJ, Ingham MP. Patient experience with intravenous biologic therapies for ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. Patient Prefer Adher. 2017:661-9.
33. Bolt T, Kobayashi H, Mahlich J. Patient and physician preferences for therapy characteristics for psoriasis: a discrete choice experiment in Japan. PharmacoEconomics-open. 2019;3(2):255-64. doi:10.1007/s41669-018-0104-1
34. Borruel N, Castro J, Riestra S, Costi M, Casellas F. Treatment preferences of patients with Crohn’s disease: development of the IMPLICA questionnaire. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2014;106(6):372-80.
35. Capelusnik D, Zhao SS, Boonen A, Ziade N, Medina CL, Dougados M, et al. Individual-level and country-level socio-economic factors and health outcomes in spondyloarthritis: analysis of the ASAS-perSpA study. Rheumatology. 2022;61(5):2043-53. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab638
36. Cha JM, Park DI, Park SH, Shin JE, Kim WS, Yang SK. Physicians should provide shared decision-making for anti-TNF therapy to inflammatory bowel disease patients. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32(1):85-94.
37. Chapel H, Prevot J, Gaspar HB, Español T, Bonilla FA, Solis L, et al. Primary immune deficiencies–principles of care. Front Immunol. 2014;5:627.
38. Chilton F, Collett RA. Treatment choices, preferences and decision‐making by patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Musculoskelet Care. 2008;6(1):1-4. doi:10.1002/msc.110
39. Dashiell-Aje E, Harding G, Pascoe K, DeVries J, Berry P, Ramachandran S. Patient evaluation of satisfaction and outcomes with an autoinjector for self-administration of subcutaneous belimumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Patient. 2018;11(1):119-29. doi:10.1007/s40271-017-0276-2
40. Desplats M, Pascart T, Jelin G, Norberciak L, Philippe P, Houvenagel E, et al. Are abatacept and tocilizumab intravenous users willing to switch for the subcutaneous route of administration? A questionnaire-based study. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36:1395-400.
41. Edel Y, Mamet R, Cohen S, Shepshelovich D, Levi A, Sagy I. The clinical importance of early acute hepatic porphyria diagnosis: a national cohort. Intern Emerg Med. 2021;16:133-9.
42. Eftimov F, Vermeulen M, De Haan RJ, Van Den Berg LH, Van Schaik IN. SC immunoglobulin therapy for multifocal motor neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2009;14(2):93-100.
43. Emadi SA, Hammoudeh M, Mounir M, Mueller RB, Wells AF, Sarakbi HA. An assessment of the current treatment landscape for rheumatology patients in Qatar: recognising unmet needs and moving towards solutions. J Int Med Res. 2017;45(2):733-43.
44. Espanol T, Prevot J, Drabwell J, Sondhi S, Olding L. Improving current immunoglobulin therapy for patients with primary immunodeficiency: quality of life and views on treatment. Patient Prefer Adher. 2014;8:621-9. doi:10.2147/PPA.S60771
45. Falanga M, Canzona A, Mazzoni D. Preference for subcutaneous injection or intravenous infusion of biological therapy among Italian patients with SLE. J Patient Exp. 2019;6(1):41-5.
46. Fernandes C, Pais T, Ribeiro I, Pinho R, Silva AP, Rodrigues A, et al. P354 Satisfaction and concerns about anti-TNF alpha therapy in Crohn's disease–the patient's perspective in a Portuguese population. J Crohn's Colitis. 2014;8(Supplement_1):S213.
47. Gardulf A, Nicolay U, Asensio O, Bernatowska E, Böck A, Costa-Carvalho BT, et al. Children and adults with primary antibody deficiencies gain quality of life by subcutaneous IgG self-infusions at home. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(4):936-42.
48. Gelhorn HL, Balantac Z, Ambrose CS, Chung YN, Stone B. Patient and physician preferences for attributes of biologic medications for severe asthma. Patient Prefer Adher. 2019:1253-68.
49. Gladiator A, Meckley L, Berner T, Engl W, Ito D, Yel L. Treatment preference on the new subcutaneous immunoglobulin 20%(SCIG 20%) treatment in patients with Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (PID) in Europe (EU). InSWISS MEDICAL WEEKLY 2017 May 29 (Vol. 147, pp. 57S-57S). Farnsburgerstr 8, Ch-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland: Emh Swiss Medical Publishers Ltd.
50. Grisanti L, Kwiatkowski A, Dyrda P, Field E, Grisanti J, Hatem J, et al. Patient perspectives on intravenous biologics for rheumatologic disease. Arthritis Care Res. 2019;71(9):1234-42. doi:10.1002/acr.23758
51. Hadden RD, Marreno F. Switch from intravenous to subcutaneous immunoglobulin in CIDP and MMN: improved tolerability and patient satisfaction. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2015;8(1):14-9.
52. Harbo T, Andersen H, Hess A, Hansen K, Sindrup SH, Jakobsen J. Subcutaneous versus intravenous immunoglobulin in multifocal motor neuropathy: a randomized, single‐blinded cross‐over trial. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(5):631-8.
53. Hoffmann F, Grimbacher B, Thiel J, Peter HH, Belohradsky BH. Vivaglobin Study G. Home-based subcutaneous immunoglobulin G replacement therapy under real-life conditions in children and adults with antibody deficiency. Eur J Med Res. 2010;15(6):238-45.
54. Husni ME, Griffith J, Betts K, Song Y, Ganguli A. Thresholds of benefit-risk trade-offs from the patient perspective for treatment decisions in moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis. InARTHRITIS & RHEUMATOLOGY 2016 Oct 1 (Vol. 68). 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA: WILEY.
55. Huynh TK, Østergaard A, Egsmose C, Madsen OR. Preferences of patients and health professionals for route and frequency of administration of biologic agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Patient Prefer Adher. 2014:93-9.
56. Kariburyo MF, Xie L, Teeple A, Tan H, Ingham M. Predicting pre-emptive discussions of biologic treatment: results from an openness and preference survey of inflammatory bowel disease patients and their prescribers. Adv Ther. 2017;34:1398-410.
57. Louder AM, Singh A, Saverno K, Cappelleri JC, Aten AJ, Koenig AS, et al. Patient preferences regarding rheumatoid arthritis therapies: a conjoint analysis. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2016;9(2):84-93.
58. Mohamed AF, Kilambi V, Luo MP, Iyer RG, Li-McLeod JM. Patient and parent preferences for immunoglobulin treatments: a conjoint analysis. J Med Econ. 2012;15(6):1183-91. doi:10.3111/13696998.2012.716804
59. Nagahori M, Kochi S, Hanai H, Yamamoto T, Nakamura S, Omuro S, et al. Real life results in using 5-ASA for maintaining mild to moderate UC patients in Japan, a multi-center study, OPTIMUM Study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2017;17(1):47. doi:10.1186/s12876-017-0604-y
60. Nicolay U, Kiessling P, Berger M, Gupta S, Yel L, Roifman CM, et al. Health-related quality of life and treatment satisfaction in North American patients with primary immunedeficiency diseases receiving subcutaneous IgG self-infusions at home. J Clin Immunol. 2006;26:65-72.
61. Perez‐Ordóñez F, Frías‐Osuna A, Romero‐Rodríguez Y, del‐Pino‐Casado R. Coping strategies and anxiety in caregivers of palliative cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Care. 2016;25(4):600-7.
62. Permin H, Herlin T, Gajek H, Mattauch M, Gustafson R. Safety profile of subcuvia from post-authorization safety surveillance (PASS). Eur J Immunol. 2009;39:S454-5.
63. Reid B, Pires L. Home gammaglobulin therapy: a patient survey of intravenous and subcutaneous options in Canada. LymphoSign J. 2014;1(1):27-37.
64. Runken MC, Gonzalez JM. Using patients’ stated preferences for immunoglobulin therapies to evaluate administration features in current treatments. J Immunol. 2016;196(1_Supplement):130-5.
65. Samaan K, Levasseur MC, Decaluwe H, St-Cyr C, Chapdelaine H, Des Roches A, et al. SCIg vs IVIg: let’s give patients the choice!. J Clin Immunol. 2014;34:611-4.
66. Santus P, Saad M, Damiani G, Patella V, Radovanovic D. Current and future targeted therapies for severe asthma: Managing treatment with biologics based on phenotypes and biomarkers. Pharmacol Res. 2019;146:104296.
67. Scarpato S, Antivalle M, Favalli EG, Nacci F, Frigelli S, Bartoli F, et al. Patient preferences in the choice of anti-TNF therapies in rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a questionnaire survey (RIVIERA study). Rheumatology. 2010;49(2):289-94.
68. Sylwestrzak G, Liu J, Stephenson JJ, Ruggieri AP, DeVries A. Considering Patient Preferences When Selecting Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapeutic Options. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2014;7(2):71.
69. Tłustochowicz M, Dębowska G, Spytek J, Tłustochowicz W. Rheumatoid arthritis treatment with TNF inhibitors and alternative procedures in case of its failure–results of the Polish survey in the context of EULAR recommendations. Reumatologia. 2015;53(4):200-6. doi:10.5114/reum.2015.53997
70. van Deen WK, Khalil C, Bonthala NN, Gale R, Patel DB, Warui E, et al. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients’ Preferences for Subcutaneous versus Intravenous Therapies: A Mixed-Methods Study. Dig Dis. 2023;41(3):412-21. doi:10.1159/000528586
71. van Schaik IN, Bril V, van Geloven N, Hartung HP, Lewis RA, Sobue G, et al. Subcutaneous immunoglobulin for maintenance treatment in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (PATH): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(1):35-46.
72. Willeke P, Becker H, Wassenberg S, Pavenstädt H, Jacobi AM. Patient/rheumatologist evaluation of infusion treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Z Rheumatol. 2011;70:232-8. doi:10.1007/s00393-011-0752-3
73. Wu AA, Barros JR, Ramdeen M, Baima JP, Saad-Hossne R, Sassaki LY. Factors associated with patient´ s preference in choosing their therapy for inflammatory bowel disease in Brazil. Arq Gastroenterol. 2020;57:491-7.
74. Aimonino Ricauda N, Tibaldi V, Leff B, Scarafiotti C, Marinello R, Zanocchi M, et al. Substitutive “hospital at home” versus inpatient care for elderly patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(3):493-500. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01562.x
75. Biondo S, Golda T, Kreisler E, Espin E, Vallribera F, Oteiza F, et al. Outpatient versus hospitalization management for uncomplicated diverticulitis: a prospective, multicenter randomized clinical trial (DIVER Trial). Ann Surg. 2014;259(1):38-44. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182965a11
76. Fishman SJ, Pelosi L, Klavon SL, O'Rourke EJ. Perforated appendicitis: prospective outcome analysis for 150 children. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35(6):923-6. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2000.6924
77. Hensey CC, Freyne B, Bryant PA. Hospital-in-the-Home - essential to an integrated model of paediatric care. Ir Med J. 2017;110(1):493.
78. Hensey CC, Sett A, Connell TG, Bryant PA. A Comparison of Hospital Versus Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy at Home for Pyelonephritis and Meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017b;36(9):827-32. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001605
79. Hernandez C, Casas A, Escarrabill J, Alonso J, Puig-Junoy J, Farrero E, et al. Home hospitalization of exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J. 2003;21(1):58-67. doi:10.1183/09031936.03.00015603
80. Ibrahim LF, Hopper SM, Babl FE, Bryant PA. Who Can Have Parenteral Antibiotics at Home?: 2015. A Prospective Observational Study in Children with Moderate/Severe Cellulitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;35(3):269-74. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000000992
81. Ibrahim LF, Hopper SM, Connell TG, Daley AJ, Bryant PA, Babl FE. Evaluating an admission avoidance pathway for children in the emergency department: outpatient intravenous antibiotics for moderate/severe cellulitis. Emerg Med J. 2016;34(12):780-5. doi:10.1136/emermed-2017-206829
82. Ibrahim LF, Huang L, Hopper SM, Dalziel K, Babl FE, Bryant PA. Intravenous ceftriaxone at home versus intravenous flucloxacillin in hospital for children with cellulitis: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(10):1101-8. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30288-9
83. Orme LM, Babl FE, Barnes C, Barnett P, Donath S, Ashley DM. Outpatient versus inpatient IV antibiotic management for pediatric oncology patients with low-risk febrile neutropenia: a randomized trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014;61(8):1427-33. doi:10.1002/pbc.25012
84. Proesmans M, Heyns L, Moons P, Havermans T, De Boeck K. Real-life evaluation of intravenous antibiotic treatment in a paediatric cystic fibrosis centre: outcome of home therapy is not inferior. Respir Med. 2009;103(2):244-50. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.08.017
85. Raisch DW, Holdsworth MT, Winter SS, Hutter JJ, Graham ML. Economic comparison of home-care-based versus hospital-based treatment of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in children. Value Health. 2003;6(2):158-66. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4733.2003.00219.x
86. Rehm S, Campion M, Katz DE, Russo R, Boucher HW. Community-based outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (CoPAT) for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with or without infective endocarditis: analysis of the randomized trial comparing daptomycin with standard therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63(5):1034-42. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp051
87. Stovroff MC, Totten M, Glick PL. PIC lines save money and hasten discharge in the care of children with ruptured appendicitis. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29(2):245-7. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(94)90327-1
88. Termoz A, Touzet S, Bourdy S, Decullier E, Bouveret L, Colin C, et al. Effectiveness of home treatment for patients with cystic fibrosis: the intravenous administration of antibiotics to treat respiratory infections. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008;43(9):908-15. doi:10.1002/ppul.20878
89. Vianello A, Savoia F, Pipitone E, Nordio B, Gallina G, Paladini L, et al. “Hospital at Home” for Neuromuscular Disease Patients With Respiratory Tract Infection: A Pilot Study. Respir Care. 2013;58(12):2061-8. doi:10.4187/respcare.02501
90. Overton PM, Shalet N, Somers F, Allen JA. Patient Preferences for SC versus Intravenous Administration of Treatment for Chronic Immune System Disorders: A Systematic Review. Patient Prefer Adher. 2021;15:811-34. doi:10.2147/ppa.s303279
91. Stoner KL, Harder H, Fallowfield LJ, Jenkins VA. Intravenous versus subcutaneous drug administration. Which do patients prefer? A systematic review. Patient. 2015;8:145-53. doi:10.1007/s40271-014-0075-y
92. Abolhassani H, Sadaghiani MS, Aghamohammadi A, Ochs HD, Rezaei N. Home-based subcutaneous immunoglobulin versus hospital-based intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of primary antibody deficiencies: systematic review and meta analysis. J Clin Immunol. 2012;32:1180-92.
93. Guggino WB, Banks-Schlegel SP. Macromolecular interactions and ion transport in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(7):815-20. doi:10.1164/rccm.200403-381WS
94. Griese M, Kappler M, Gaggar A, Hartl D. Inhibition of airway proteases in cystic fibrosis lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(3):783-95. doi:10.1183/09031936.00146807
95. Raff AB, Kroshinsky D. Therapy for Cellulitis. JAMA. 2016;316(19):2047. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.15613
96. Sriskandarajah S, Hobbs J, Roughead E, Ryan M, Reynolds K. Safety and effectiveness of ‘hospital in the home’and ‘outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy’in different age groups: A systematic review of observational studies. Int J Clin Pract. 2018;72(8):e13216.
Copyright © 2024 - All Rights Reserved - Archives of Pharmacy Practice
Developed by Archives of Pharmacy Practice
