Chronic Low Back Pain (cLBP) manifests as compressed, radiating pain from the back to the nerve root's dermatome. The best method of screening the spine of patients with cLBP is Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI]. The study involved 70 patiants. A visual analog scale was employed in assessing the intensity of back and leg pain of patients using a visual analog scale [VAS]. A Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ-Arabic version) was used to assess the disability of patients. The patients were examined clinically, followed by an MRI of the spine and lower extremities. Using the Michigan State University [MSU] disc herniation classification, Disc displacement and the degree of nerve root compression were assessed. This study uses SPSS 23.0 version to analyze curated data in the documentation using Pearson's correlations. Based on the data, the mean and standard deviation for each descriptive variable were calculated. A low grade disc herniation and a VAS rating of 3 were not correlated based on the MRI results. The Pearson correlation coefficients for disc herniation with grade three (r = -0.212) and functional disability with grade three (r = 0.17) were weak. There was a weak correlation between the intensity of pain and functional disability of these patients (r = 0.159). Clinical symptoms and MRI results of the patients who are suffering from cLBP should be correlated to decide whether to perform a therapeutic intervention as the results showed that there was a weak correlation between pain and functional disability based on the degree of disc herniation.
1. Abdullah IB, Al-Mutairi MM, Alghubayan MA, Alamir AA, Bu-Jubarah AY, Almajed N, et al. Literature review on prevalence, risk factors and, evaluation of acute lower back pain. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci. 2020;9(1):35-40.
2. Adams MA, Freeman BJ, Morrison HP, Nelson IW, Dolan P. Mechanical initiation of intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine. 2000;25(13):1625-36.
3. Ammar A, Alwadei A, Al Hayek A, Alabbas FM, Almatrafi FR, Elshawarby M. The correlation between histopathology of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc and clinical findings. Asian J Neurosurg. 2020;15(3):545-53.
4. Joyce C, Roseen EJ, Keysor JJ, Gross KD, Culpepper L, Saper RB. Can Yoga or Physical Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain Improve Depression and Anxiety Among Adults from a Racially Diverse, Low-Income Community? A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2021;102(6):1049-58.
5. Lamichhane B, Jayasekera D, Jakes R, Ray WZ, Leuthardt EC, Hawasli AH. Functional Disruptions of the Brain in Low Back Pain: A Potential Imaging Biomarker of Functional Disability. Front Neurol. 2021;12:669076.
6. Cerillo JL, Becsey AN, Sanghadia CP, Root KT, Lucke-Wold B. Spine Bracing: When to Utilize-A Narrative Review. Biomechanics (Basel). 2023;3(1):136-54.
7. Mandroukas A, Michailidis Y, Kyranoudis AE, Christoulas K, Metaxas T. Surface Electromyographic Activity of the Rectus Abdominis and External Oblique during Isometric and Dynamic Exercises. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2022;7(3):67.
8. Horii O, Sasaki M. Influences of trunk stability on exercise performance of closed kinetic chain of upper and lower limbs. J Phys Ther Sci. 2023;35(5):379-83.
9. Lee K. Motion Analysis of Core Stabilization Exercise in Women: Kinematics and Electromyographic Analysis. Sports (Basel). 2023;11(3):66.
10. Vasilievich PV. Determination of Stresses in the Apparatus of External Fixation of the Human Spine. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci. 2021;10(2):62-9.
11. Othman M, Menon VK. The prevalence of Schmorl's nodes in osteoporotic vs normal patients: a Middle Eastern population study. Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(7):1493-9.
12. Ohnmeiss DD, Gatchel RJ. North American Spine Society compendium of outcome instruments for assessment and research of spinal disorders. North American Spine Society, La Grange; 2001.
13. Byvaltsev VA, Kalinin AA, Shepelev VV, Pestryakov YY, Aliyev MA, Hozeev DV, et al. Prevalence of lumbosacral transitional vertebra among 4816 consecutive patients with low back pain: A computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and plain radiographic study with novel classification schema. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2023;14(1):35-43.
14. Li Y, Fredrickson V, Resnick DK. How should we grade lumbar disc herniation and nerve root compression? a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(6):1896-902.
15. Shevchenko YS, Plohova DP, Bulakhova IN, Mishvelov AE, Kubalova ME, Badriev GB, et al. Experience of carrying out magnetic resonance imaging with the use of specialized protocols and programs computer post-processing. Pharmacophore. 2020;11(2):77-81.
16. Lund T, Schlenzka D, Lohman M, Ristolainen L, Kautiainen H, Klemetti E, et al. The intervertebral disc during growth: Signal intensity changes on magnetic resonance imaging and their relevance to low back pain. PLoS One. 2022;17(10):e0275315.
17. Waseem S, Kyriakides J, Amiri AR, Shetty R, Shetty N, Chammaa R. Management strategies for the painless foot drop: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2023;32(4):1099-105.
18. Thapa SS, Lakhey RB, Sharma P, Pokhrel RK. Correlation between Clinical Features and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Lumbar Disc Prolapse. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2016;14(33):85-8.
19. Hu S, Li Y, Hou B, Zhang Y, Liu WV, Wu G, et al. Multi-echo in steady-state acquisition improves MRI image quality and lumbosacral radiculopathy diagnosis efficacy compared with T2 fast spin-echo sequence. Neuroradiology. 2023;65(5):969-77.
20. Hamaguchi H, Kitagawa M, Sakamoto D, Katscher U, Sudo H, Yamada K, et al. Quantitative Assessment of Intervertebral Disc Composition by MRI: Sensitivity to Diurnal Variation. Tomography. 2023;9(3):1029-40.
21. Mysliwiec LW, Cholewicki J, Winkelpleck MD, Eis GP. MSU classification for herniated lumbar discs on MRI: toward developing objective criteria for surgical selection. Eur Spine J. 2010;19:1087-93.
22. Zahra N, Sheha EA, Elsayed H. Low back pain, disability and quality of life among health care workers. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci. 2020;9(2):34-44.
23. Skovlund SV, Bláfoss R, Skals S, Jakobsen MD, Andersen LL. Technical field measurements of muscular workload during stocking activities in supermarkets: cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):934.
24. Buruck G, Tomaschek A, Wendsche J, Ochsmann E, Dörfel D. Psychosocial areas of worklife and chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):480.
25. Chung JW, So HC, Yan VC, Kwok PS, Wong BY, Yang JY, et al. A survey of work-related pain prevalence among construction workers in Hong Kong: A case-control study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(8):1404.
26. Videman T, Levalahti E, Battie MC. The effects of anthropometrics, lifting strength, and physical activities in disc degeneration. Spine. 2007;32(13):1406-13.
27. Ordoñez-Hinojos A, Durán-Hernández S, Hernández-López JL, Castillejos-López M. Association between strenuous occupational activity and low back pain. Acta Ortop Mex. 2012;26(1):21-9.
28. Kuisma M, Karppinen J, Niinimäki J, Ojala R, Haapea M, Heliövaara M, et al. Modic changes in endplates of lumbar vertebral bodies: Prevalence and association with low back and sciatic pain among middle-aged male workers. Spine. 2007;32(10):1116-22.
29. Deyo RA, Loeser JD, Bigos SJ. Herniated lumbar intervertebral disk. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112(8):598-603.
30. Taghizadeh ME, Oraki M, Badakhshan M. The effect of cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy on modifying the pain beliefs and pain self-efficacy in patients with Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP). Int J Pharm Phytopharmacol Res. 2019;9(3):128-33.
31. Mannion AF, Junge A, Taimela S, Muntener M, Lorenzo K, Dvorak J. Active therapy for chronic low back pain. Part 3. Factors influencing self-rated disability and its change following therapy. Spine. 2001;26(8):920-9.
32. Pincus T, Burton AK, Vogel S, Field AP. A systemic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine. 2002;27(5):109-20.
33. Nordin M, Skovron ML, Hiebert R, Weiser S, Brisson PM, Campello M, et al. Early predictors of delayed return to work in patients with low back pain. J Musculoskel Pain. 1997;5(2):5-27.
34. Dora C, Schmid M, Elfering A, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N. Lumbar Disk Herniation: Do MR Imaging Findings Predict Recurrence after Surgical Diskectomy? Radiology. 2005;235(2):562-7.
35. Sterud T, Tynes T. Work-related psychosocial and mechanical risk factors for low back pain: A 3-year follow-up study of the general working population in Norway. Occup Environ Med. 2013;70(5):296-302.
36. Tarantino U, Fanucci E, Iundusi R, Celi M, Altobelli S, Gasbarra E, et al. Lumbar spine MRI in upright position for diagnosing acute and chronic low back pain: Statistical analysis of morphological changes. J Orthop Traumatol. 2013;14(1):15-22.
37. Yang J, Xiong Y, Hu Y, Huang M, Zhang L, Pu X, et al. The reliability, correlation with clinical symptoms and surgical outcomes of dural sac cross-sectional area, nerve root sedimentation sign and morphological grade for lumbar spinal stenosis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):225.
38. Kim P, Ju CI, Kim HS, Kim SW. Lumbar Disc Herniation Presented with Contralateral Symptoms. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2017;60(2):220-4.
39. el Barzouhi A, Vleggeert-Lankamp CL, van der Kallen BF, à Nijeholt GJ, van den Hout WB, Koes BW, et al. Back pain’s association with vertebral end-plate signal changes in sciatica. Spine J. 2014;14(2):225-33.
40. Romero-Munoz LM, Barriga-Martin A, Segura-Fragoso A, Martin-Gonzalez C. Are Modic changes in patients with chronic low back pain indicative of a worse clinical course? 10 years of follow-up. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol. 2018;62(4):274-81.
41. Omoigui S, Fadare A. A New Minimally Invasive Procedure for Muscle, Back, Neck Pain and Radiculopathy - The Myofascial Nerve Block. Ann Clin Case Rep. 2022;7(1):2233.
Copyright © 2024 Archives of Pharmacy Practice. Authors retain copyright of their article if they are accepted for publication.
Developed by Archives of Pharmacy Practice
