To investigate the occurrence, causes, and risk factors of color vision deficiency among Taif, Saudi Arabia secondary school students. A cross-sectional study was carried out on secondary schools, during the period from 1 to 31 June 2022. Secondary school students, of Taif city, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a personal interview with the students using a predesigned questionnaire covering the needed items. Students diagnosed with color blindness were 2.0%; of them, persons diagnosed with protan color blindness were 58.3%, while 41.6% had deutan color blindness, and students diagnosed with CVD were 0.4%. On the other hand, 4.2% could not see shades or tones of the same color and the same percent had difficulty distinguishing between colors. Regarding the cause of CVD, our study revealed that 4.2% of the studied population were due to primary causes (hereditary), and the same percent were due to secondary diseases. As regards family history, 1.0% had a mother and/or father affected by the disease, 0.8% had a sibling with the disease, and 96.3% had no family history. It was also found that there is a significant relationship between CVD and family history (p-value =0.008). There was a higher incidence in males than females, there is a significant relationship between gender and CVD (p-value=0.001). Students diagnosed with color blindness were 2.0%; of them, persons diagnosed with protan color blindness were 58.3%, while 41.6% had deutan color blindness, and students diagnosed with CVD were 0.4%. There was a higher incidence in males than females.
1. Naifeh J, Kaufman EJ. Color Vision. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470227/
2. Vagell R, Vagell VJ, Jacobs RL, Gordon J, Baden AL. SMARTA: Automated testing apparatus for visual discrimination tasks. Behav Res Methods. 2019;51(6):2597-608.
3. Gómez-Robledo L, Valero EM, Huertas R, Martínez-Domingo MA, Hernández-Andrés J. Do EnChroma glasses improve color vision for colorblind subjects?. Opt Express. 2018;26(22):28693-703.
4. Deeb SS. The molecular basis of variation in human color vision. Clin Genet. 2005;67(5):369-77. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00343.x
5. Mitiku RG, Tolera BS, Tolesa ZG. Prevalence and allele frequency of Congenital Colour Vision Deficiency (CCVD) among students at Hawassa University, Ethiopia. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2020;95(1):10. doi:10.1186/s42506-020-00037-y
6. Álvaro L, Linhares JMM, Formankiewicz MA, Waugh SJ. Coloured filters can simulate colour deficiency in normal vision but cannot compensate for congenital colour vision deficiency. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):11140. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13877-9
7. Ugalahi MO, Fasina O, Ogun OA. Impact of congenital color vision defect on color-related tasks among Secondary School Students in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. Niger J Ophthalmol. 2016;24:20-4.
8. Osuobeni EP. Prevalence of congenital red-green color vision defects in Arab boys from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1996;3(3):167-70. doi:10.3109/09286589609080123
9. Oriowo OM, Alotaibi AZ. Colour vision screening among Saudi Arabian children. S Afr Optom. 2008;67(2):56-61. doi:10.4102/aveh.v67i2.182
10. Al-Ghamdi AK, Al-Harbi Z, Al-Ghamdi KS. Prevalence of congenital colour vision deficiency among secondary school male students in Almadina Almunawara (Saudi Arabia). Malays J Public Health Med. 2018;18(1):22-2.
11. Alabdelmoneam M. Prevalence of congenital color vision defects in Saudi females of Arab origin. Optometry. 2011;82(9):543-8. doi:10.1016/j.optm.2011.01.013
12. Voke J, Voke PR. Congenital dyschromatopsia among Saudi Arabians. Saudi Med J. 1980;1(1):209-14.
13. Khairoalsindi OA, Almasoudi BM, Bamahfouz AY, Alghamdi AA, Siddiqui MI. Prevalence and Determinants of Color Vision Defects among Preparatory University Students at Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2019;26(3):133-7. doi:10.4103/meajo.MEAJO2919
14. Alqahtani NA, Togoo RA, Alqahtani MM, Suliman NS, Alasmari FA, Alqahtani FM, et al. Frequency of Color Vision Deficiency among Saudi Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Eur J Dent. 2021;15(1):27-32. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1714766
15. Alamoudi NB, AlShammari RZ, AlOmar RS, AlShamlan NA, Alqahtani AA, AlAmer NA. Prevalence of color vision deficiency in medical students at a Saudi University. J Family Community Med. 2021;28(3):196-201. doi:10.4103/jfcm.jfcm23521
16. Momeni-Moghaddam H, Ng JS, Robabi H, Yaghubi F. Color vision deficiency in Zahedan, Iran: lower than expected. Optom Vis Sci. 2014;91(11):1372-6. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000393
17. Modarres M, Mirsamadi M, Peyman GA. Prevalence of congenital color deficiencies in secondary-school students in Tehran. Int Ophthalmol. 1996-1997;20(4):221-2. doi:10.1007/BF00175263
18. Woldeamanuel GG, Geta TG. Prevalence of color vision deficiency among school children in Wolkite, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):838. doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3943-z
19. Mashige KP, van Staden DB. Prevalence of congenital colour vision deficiency among Black school children in Durban, South Africa. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):324. doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4374-1
20. Ugalahi MO, Fasina O, Ogun OA, Ajayi BG. Prevalence of congenital colour vision deficiency among secondary school students in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2016;23(2):93-6. doi:10.4103/1117-1936.186301
21. Marechal M, Delbarre M, Berguiga M, Benisty D, Froussart-Maille F. Hereditary color vision deficiency: Physiology, classification, diagnosis and application to aeronautics. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2019;42(2):177-88. doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2018.05.018
22. Fakorede ST, Akpan LG, Adekoya KO, Oboh B. Prevalence and population genetic data of colour vision deficiency among students from selected secondary institutions in Lagos State, Nigeria. Egypt J Med Hum Genet. 2022;23(1):1-8. doi:10.1186/s43042-022-00287-9
23. Color Blindness. Color Blind Awareness Organization. [Last accessed on 2020 Jun 06]. Available from: https://www.color blindawareness.org/color -blindness/
24. Al‐Owain M, Al‐Zaidan H, Al‐Hassnan Z. Map of autosomal recessive genetic disorders in Saudi Arabia: concepts and future directions. Am J Med Genet A. 2012;158(10):2629-40.
25. Alhabib KF, Batais MA, Almigbal TH, Alshamiri MQ, Altaradi H, Rangarajan S, et al. Demographic, behavioral, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Saudi population: results from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study (PURE-Saudi). BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1-4.
26. Woldeamanuel GG, Geta TG. Prevalence of color vision deficiency among school children in Wolkite, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11:838. doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3943-z
27. Shrestha RK, Joshi MR, Shakya S, Ghising R. Color vision defects in school going children. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2010;50:264-6.
28. Wiegersma PA. Impact of congenital color vision deficiency: Screening could help choice of medical career. BMJ. 2005;330(7482):96.
29. Al-Aqtum MT, Al-Qawasmeh MH. Prevalence of color blindness in young Jordanians. Ophthalmologica. 2001;215(1):39-42.
30. Al-Shroby WA, Sulimani SM, Alhurishi SA, Bin Dayel ME, Alsanie NA, Alhraiwil NJ. Awareness of Premarital Screening and Genetic Counseling among Saudis and its Association with Sociodemographic Factors: a National Study. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2021;14:389-99. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S296221
31. Dargahi H, Einollahi N, Dashti N. Color blindness defect and medical laboratory technologists: Unnoticed problems and the care for screening. Acta Med Iran. 2010;48:172-7.
32. Abdulrahman MA. Prevalence of Color Vision Deficiency among Students in Hajand and Amad High Schools in Shekhan City. Kurdistan J Appl Res. 2017;2(2):84-8.
33. Lee KH, Lee HS. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus as risk factors for asthma in Korean adults: the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int Health. 2020;12(4):246-52. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihz067
34. Color Vision Deficiency. Aoa.org. 2020. [Last accessed on 2020 Jun 06]. Available from: https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/color-vision-deficiency?sso=y
Copyright © 2024 Archives of Pharmacy Practice. Authors retain copyright of their article if they are accepted for publication.
Developed by Archives of Pharmacy Practice
