Hyperthyroidism is specified by the mass manufacture of thyroid hormone and/or release from the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis is a sickness in which the impacts of an inappropriate enhancement in thyroid hormone on tissues lead to difficulties and systemic symptoms. High thyroid hormone levels cause a hyper metabolic condition that induces multiple systemic manifestations. Managing hyperthyroidism cases is considered a difficult challenge because of the variety of the underlying causes and the variety of the management options. An assessment of publicized literature discussing hyperthyroidism and to equip an adequate analysis of hyperthyroidism, its diagnosis, and management. The following keys were used in the mesh ((“hyperthyroidism"[Mesh]) AND (“management” [Mesh]) OR (“evaluation"[Mesh])). And PubMed database was used for articles selection. Hyperthyroidism is a condition that is commonly overlooked. Maintaining a high suspicion index is important for the primary healthcare physician. Treatment suggestions are based on characteristics diversity, including underlying reason, patient age, disease severity, and comorbidity. The major treatment options are ant thyroid medications (thionamides), surgery, and radioactive iodine. All methods had equal quality of life parameters, but generally, radioiodine was the most cost-effective.
1. Doubleday AR, Rebecca SS. Hyperthyroidism. Gland Surg. 2020;9(1):124-35. doi:10.21037/gs.2019.11.01
2. Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Greenlee MC, Laurberg P, Maia AL, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26(10):1343-421. doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0229
3. Golden SH, Robinson KA, Saldanha I, Anton B, Ladenson PW. Prevalence and incidence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States: a comprehensive review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(6):1853-78. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2291
4. Werhun A, Hamilton W. Thyroid function testing in primary care: overused and under-evidenced? A study examining which clinical features correspond to an abnormal thyroid function result. Fam Pract. 2015;32(2):187-91. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmv010
5. Flynn RW, MacDonald TM, Morris AD, Jung RT, Leese GP. The thyroid epidemiology, audit, and research study: thyroid dysfunction in the general population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(8):3879-84. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032089
6. Osuna PM, Udovcic M, Sharma MD. Hyperthyroidism and the Heart. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2017;13(2):60-3. doi:10.14797/mdcj-13-2-60
7. Danzi S, Klein I. Thyroid disease and the cardiovascular system. Endocrinol Metab Clin. 2014;43(2):517-28. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2014.02.005
8. Vargas-Uricoechea H, Bonelo-Perdomo A, Sierra-Torres CH. Effects of thyroid hormones on the heart. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2014;26(6):296-309. doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2014.07.003
9. Klein I, Danzi S. Thyroid disease and the heart. Circulation. 2007;116(15):1725-35. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.678326
10. Klein I, Danzi S. Thyroid disease and the heart. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2016;41(2):65-92. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2015.04.002
11. Bahn RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee MC, Klein I, et al. Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Thyroid. 2011;21(6):593-646. doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0417
12. Vanderpump MP. The epidemiology of thyroid disease. Br Med Bull. 2011;99(1):39-51. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldr030
13. Villanueva R, Greenberg DA, Davies TF, Tomer Y. Sibling recurrence risk in autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid. 2003;13(8):761-4. doi:10.1089/105072503768499653
14. Gozu HI, Lublinghoff J, Bircan R, Paschke R. Genetics and phenomics of inherited and sporadic non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;322(1-2):125-34. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.001
15. Pearce EN, Farwell AP, Braverman LE. Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(6):620. doi:10.1056/nejm200308073490624
16. Schwartz F, Bergmann N, Zerahn B, Faber J. Incidence rate of symptomatic painless thyroiditis presenting with thyrotoxicosis in Denmark as evaluated by consecutive thyroid scintigraphies. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2013;73(3):240-4. doi:10.3109/00365513.2013.769623
17. Sweeney LB, Stewart C, Gaitonde DY. Thyroiditis: an integrated approach. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(6):389-96.
18. Carney LA, Quinlan JD, West JM. Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(4):273-8.
19. Fitzgerald PA. Endocrinology. In: Tierney LM, McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, eds. Current medical diagnosis and treatment. 44th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005:1102-10.
20. Boelaert K, Torlinska B, Holder RL, Franklyn JA. Older subjects with hyperthyroidism present with a paucity of symptoms and signs: a large cross-sectional study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(6):2715-26. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2495
21. Berta E, Lengyel I, Halmi S, Zrínyi M, Erdei A, Harangi M, et al. Hypertension in thyroid disorders. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:482. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00482
22. Dufour DR. Laboratory tests of thyroid function: uses and limitations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007;36(3):579-94. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2007.04.003
23. Cappelli C, Pirola I, De Martino E, Agosti B, Delbarba A, Castellano M, et al. The role of imaging in Graves’ disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2008;65(1):99-103. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.03.015
24. Todd CH. Management of thyroid disorders in primary care: challenges and controversies. Postgrad Med J. 2009;85(1010):655-9. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2008.077701
25. Pearce EN. Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis. BMJ. 2006;332(7554):1369. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7554.1369
26. Gilbert J. Thyrotoxicosis–investigation and management. Clin Med. 2017;17(3):274-7. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.17-3-274
27. Patel NN, Abraham P, Buscombe J, Vanderpump MP. The cost effectiveness of treatment modalities for thyrotoxicosis in a UK center. Thyroid. 2006;16(6):593-8. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.16.593
28. Weetman AP. Graves' disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(17):1236-48. doi:10.1056/nejm200010263431707
29. Woeber KA. Update on the management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(8):1067-71. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.8.1067
30. Allahabadia A, Daykin J, Sheppard MC, Gough SC, Franklyn JA. Radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism—prognostic factors for outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(8):3611-7. doi:10.1210/jc.86.8.3611
31. Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Manetti L, Tanda ML, Dell'Unto E, et al. Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(2):73-8. doi:10.1056/nejm199801083380201
Copyright © 2024 Archives of Pharmacy Practice. Authors retain copyright of their article if they are accepted for publication.
Developed by Archives of Pharmacy Practice
