Archive \ Volume.15 2024 Issue 1

Female-Specific Cancers in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Analysis of Three Decades

Tahir Mehmood Khan*✉ , Humera Tahir , Qendeel Adil , Mirza Rafi Baig , Ammar Ali Saleh Jaber , Adil Mohammed Khaliel , Zaid Mahdi Mohammed
  1. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
  2. Ruth Pfau College of Nutrition Sciences, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
  3. Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Al Mizhar, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
  4. Department of Urology Al Tadawi Specialty Hospital, Garhoud Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
  5. Department of Family Medicine, Canadian Specialist Hospital, Abu Hail, Dubai United Arab Emirates.

Abstract

A comprehensive review was performed for the identification of female-specific cancer from 1st January 1980 up to 31st May 2016. Overall, the risk of breast cancer was noticed to be the highest among Chinese women (RD 0.42, CI 0.41 - 0.43). Malay women were noticed to have a 22.0% higher likelihood of breast cancer than Indian women (RD 0.22, CI 0.21 - 0.22), but 20% lower than Chinese women (RD -0.20, CI -0.21 -0.19). Cervical cancer was ranked second in Malaysia, with an average ASR of 17.3. Indians had the lowest risk of developing cervical cancer as compared to Malays (RD 0.22, CI 0.18 - 0.26) and Chinese (RD 0.46, CI 0.41 - 0.51). Ovarian cancer was ranked fourth among Malaysians with an average ASR of 7.3 over the seven-year cancer registry. Indians had a lower ovarian cancer risk than Chinese (RD 0.29, CI 0.27 - 0.31) and Malays (RD 0.36, CI 0.34 - 0.38). In 2008, endometrial cancer was ranked sixth in the most-occurring cancers among Malaysian females (average ASR 6.5). Malay females were noticed to have a slightly lower risk of corpus uteri carcinoma than Chinese women (RD -0.06, CI -0.09 -0.03), but are at a higher risk than Indian women (RD 0.25, CI 0.23, - 0.28). The age group of 50-59 has the peak incidence for breast cancer and cervical cancer. Endometrial cancer incidence peaked in the age group of 60-69 years while ovarian cancer incidence rose sharply after the age of 40 years.


Downloads: 325
Views: 2156

How to cite:
Vancouver
Khan TM, Tahir H, Adil Q, Baig MR, Jaber AAS, Khaliel AM, et al. Female-Specific Cancers in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Analysis of Three Decades. Arch Pharm Pract. 2024;15(1):109-20. https://doi.org/10.51847/J2kMvt637u
APA
Khan, T. M., Tahir, H., Adil, Q., Baig, M. R., Jaber, A. A. S., Khaliel, A. M., & Mohammed, Z. M. (2024). Female-Specific Cancers in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Analysis of Three Decades. Archives of Pharmacy Practice, 15(1), 109-120. https://doi.org/10.51847/J2kMvt637u

Download Citation
References
  1. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(5):E359-86. 
  2. WHO. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Cancer mortality and morbidity. World Health Organisation. 2008.
  3. Stewart BW, Wild CP. World Cancer Report 2014. France: International agency for research on cancer & world health organization. 2014.
  4. Soliman A, Schottenfeld D, Boffetta P, editors. Cancer epidemiology: Low-and middle-income countries and special populations. Oxford University Press; 2013.
  5. WHO. Malaysia cancer profile. World health organisation. 2011-12.
  6. Malaysia. DoS. Population distribution and basic demographic characteristic report 2010. Putrajaya: Federal Government Administrative Centre, 2011.
  7. Chye GL, Yahaya H, Lim TO. The first report of the national cancer registry, cancer incidence in Malaysia. National Cancer Registry. 2002, p. 1-192.
  8. Chye GL, Yahaya H. The second report of the national cancer registry, cancer incidence in Malaysia. Malaysia: National Cancer Registry. 2003.
  9. Kimman M, Jan S, Yip CH, Thabrany H, Peters SA, Bhoo-Pathy N, et al. Catastrophic health expenditure and 12-month mortality associated with cancer in Southeast Asia: Results from a longitudinal study in eight countries. BMC Med. 2015;13:190.
  10. Bhoo-Pathy N, Hartman M, Yip CH, Saxena N, Taib NA, Lim SE, et al. Ethnic differences in survival after breast cancer in South East Asia. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e30995. 
  11. Cancer. IAfRo. Population fact sheets: Malaysia France IARC: Globocan. 2012.
  12. Muhamad NA, Kamaluddin MA, Adon MY, Noh MA, Bakhtiar MF, Ibrahim Tamim NS, et al. Survival rates of cervical cancer patients in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(7):3067-72.
  13. Abdullah NA, Wan Mahiyuddin WR, Muhammad NA, Ali ZM, Ibrahim L, Ibrahim Tamim NS, et al. Survival rate of breast cancer patients in Malaysia: A population-based study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(8):4591-4.
  14. Chye GLC, Rampal S, Yahaya H. Cancer incidence in peninsular Malaysia, 2003-2005. The third report of the national cancer registry, Malaysia. National Cancer Registry, 2008.
  15. Azizah AM, Devaraj T, Bina RS, Norbaiyah Y, Nooraihan M, Nooshila S. Penang cancer registry report 2004-2008. Penang Cancer Reg. No. 9. Penang, Malaysia Penanf Sate Health Department. 2010.
  16. Bhoo-Pathy N, Subramaniam S, Taib NA, Hartman M, Alias Z, Tan GH, et al. Spectrum of very early breast cancer in a setting without organised screening. Br J Cancer. 2014;110(9):2187-94.
  17. Devi CR, Tang TS, Corbex M. Incidence and risk factors for breast cancer subtypes in three distinct South-East Asian ethnic groups: Chinese, Malay and natives of Sarawak, Malaysia. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(12):2869-77.
  18. Raub SH, Isa NM, Zailani HA, Omar B, Abdullah MF, Amin WA, et al. Distribution of HPV genotypes in cervical cancer in multi- ethnic Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(2):651-6. 
  19. Jordan SJ, Whiteman DC, Purdie DM, Green AC, Webb PM. Does smoking increase risk of ovarian cancer? A systematic review. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;103(3):1122-9. 
  20. Norsa'adah B, Rusli BN, Imran AK, Naing I, Winn T. Risk factors of breast cancer in women in Kelantan, Malaysia. Singapore Med J. 2005;46(12):698-705.
  21. Kamarudin R, Shah SA, Hidayah N. Lifestyle factors and breast cancer: A case-control study in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2006;7(1):51-4. 
  22. Reynolds P, Hurley S, Goldberg DE, Anton-Culver H, Bernstein L, Deapen D, et al. Active smoking, household passive smoking, and breast cancer: Evidence from the California teachers study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(1):29-37. 
  23. Baqutayan SM, Gogilawani W, Mahdzir AM, Sariyah S. Causes of breast cancer: Comparison between the three races in Malaysia. J Health Sci. 2012;2(2):019-29.
  24. Villegas R, Gao YT, Yang G, Li HL, Elasy TA, Zheng W, et al. Legume and soy food intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(1):162-7. 
  25. Boffetta P, Hashibe M. Alcohol and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(2):149-56. 
  26. Je Y, De Vivo I, Giovannucci E. Long-term alcohol intake and risk of endometrial cancer in the Nurses' Health Study, 1980-2010. Br J Cancer. 2014;111(1):186-94. 
  27. Jernström H, Lubinski J, Lynch HT, Ghadirian P, Neuhausen S, Isaacs C, et al. Breast-feeding and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(14):1094-8. 
  28. Kotsopoulos J, Lubinski J, Salmena L, Lynch HT, Kim-Sing C, Foulkes WD, et al. Breastfeeding and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res. 2012;14(2):R42.
  29. Siskind V, Green A, Bain C, Purdie D. Breastfeeding, menopause, and epithelial ovarian cancer. Epidemiology. 1997;8(2):188-91. 
  30. Rosenblatt KA, Thomas DB. Prolonged lactation and endometrial cancer. WHO collaborative study of neoplasia and steroid contraceptives. Int J Epidemiol. 1995;24(3):499-503. 
  31. Othman NH, Rebolj M. Challenges to cervical screening in a developing country: The case of Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2009;10(5):747-52.
  32. Sankaranarayanan R, Budukh AM, Rajkumar R. Effective screening programmes for cervical cancer in low- and middle-income developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(10):954-62. 
  33. Wong LP, Wong YL, Low WY, Khoo EM, Shuib R. Cervical cancer screening attitudes and beliefs of Malaysian women who have never had a pap smear: A qualitative study. Int J Behav Med. 2008;15(4):289-92.
  34. Lee LK, Chen PC, Lee KK, Kaur J. Premarital sexual intercourse among adolescents in Malaysia: A cross-sectional Malaysian school survey. Singapore Med J. 2006;47(6):476-81. 
  35. Dubois G. Cytologic screening for cervix cancer: Each year or each 3 years? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1996;65(1):57-9.
  36. Dahlui M, Ramli S, Bulgiba AM. Breast cancer prevention and control programs in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(6):1631-4. 
  37. Youlden DR, Cramb SM, Yip CH, Baade PD. Incidence and mortality of female breast cancer in the Asia-Pacific region. Cancer Biol Med. 2014;11(2):101-15.
  38. Malaysia. NCS. Education materials Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: national cancer society Malaysia.
  39. WHO. Global cancer rates could increase by 50% to 15 million by 2020. WHO. 2003.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.